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【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforDesigningBiologicalTestswithSediments
【原文标准名称】:设计沉淀物生物试验的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTME1525-2002(2008)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2002
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E47.03
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:bioaccumulation;contamination;experimentaldesign;freshwater;saltwater;sediment;toxicity;Bioaccumulation;Biologicaldataanalysis--sediments;Contamination--environmental;Contamination--water;Controlledtestingconditions/environments;Cont
【摘要】:Contaminatedsedimentsmayaffectnaturalpopulationsofaquaticorganismsadversely.Sediment-dwellingorganismsmaybeexposeddirectlytocontaminantsbytheingestionofsedimentsandbytheuptakeofsediment-associatedcontaminantsfrominterstitialandoverlyingwater.Contaminatedsedimentsmayaffectwatercolumnspeciesdirectlybyservingasasourceofcontaminantstooverlyingwatersorasinkforcontaminantsfromoverlyingwaters.Organismsmayalsobeaffectedwhencontaminatedsedimentsaresuspendedinthewatercolumnbynaturalorhumanactivities.Watercolumnspeciesandnonaquaticspeciesmayalsobeaffectedindirectlybycontaminatedsedimentsbythetransferofcontaminantsthroughecosystems(7,8).Theproceduresdescribedinthisguidemaybeusedandadaptedforincorporationinbasicandappliedresearchtodeterminetheecologicaleffectsofcontaminatedsediments.Thesesamemethodsmayalsobeusedinthedevelopmentandimplementationofmonitoringandregulatoryprogramsdesignedtopreventandmanagesedimentcontamination.Sedimenttestswithaquaticorganismscanbeusedtoquantifytheacuteandchronictoxicityandthebioavailabilityofnewandpresentlyusedmaterials.Sedimenttoxicitymayalsoresultfromenvironmentalprocessessuchasammoniageneration,pHshifts,ordissolvedoxygenfluctuation.Inmanycases,considerationoftheadverseeffectsofsediment-associatedcontaminantsisonlyonepartofacompletehazardassessmentofmanufacturedcompoundsthatareapplieddirectlytotheenvironment(forexample,pesticides)andthosereleased(forexample,throughwastewatereffluents)asby-productsfromthemanufacturingprocessorfrommunicipalities(7).Sedimenttestscanbeusedtodevelopexposure-responserelationshipsforindividualtoxicantsbyspikingcleansedimentswithvaryingconcentrationsofatestchemicalanddeterminingtheconcentrationthatelicitsthetargetresponseinthetestorganism(GuideE1391).Sedimenttestscanalsobedesignedtodeterminetheeffectsthatthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofsedimentshaveonthebioavailabilityandtoxicityofcompounds.Sedimenttestscanprovidevaluableinformationformakingdecisionsregardingthemanagementofcontaminatedsedimentsfromhazardouswastesitesandothercontaminatedareas.Biologicaltestswithsedimentscanalsobeusedtomakedefensiblemanagementdecisionsonthedredginganddisposalofpotentiallycontaminatedsedimentsfromriversandharbors.((7,8),TestMethodE1706.)1.1Asthecontaminationoffreshwaterandsaltwaterecosystemscontinuestobereducedthroughtheimplementationofregulationsgoverningbothpointandnon-pointsourcedischarges,thereisagrowingemphasisandconcernregardinghistoricalinputsandtheirinfluenceonwaterandsedimentquality.Manylocationsinurbanareasexhibitsignificantsedimentcontamination,whichposesacontinualandlong-termthreattothefunctionalconditionofbenthiccommunitiesandotherspeciesinhabitingtheseareas(1).Benthiccommunitiesareanimportantcomponentofmanyecosystemsandalterationsofthesecommunitiesmayaffectwater-columnandnonaquaticspecies.1.2Biologicaltestswithsedimentsareanefficientmeansforevaluatingsedimentcontaminationbecausetheyprovideinformationcomplementarytochemicalcharacterizationsandecologicalsurveys(2).Acutesedimenttoxicitytestscanbeusedasscreeningtoolsintheearlyphaseofanassessmenthierarchythatultimatelycouldincludechemicalmeasurementsorbioaccumulationandchronictoxicitytests.Sedimenttestshavebeenappliedinbothsaltwaterandfreshwaterenvironments